Histograms allow us to visualize the distribution of quantitative variables like exam scores. In this tutorial we will show you how to create and customize a histogram in R using the the ggplot2 visualization package. We will be working in RStudio, a program that makes it easier to work with R. Install and Load ggplot2 Since … Read more
Scatter plots give us a helpful way of visualizing the relationship between two numeric variables. In this tutorial, we will show you how to create a scatter plot in R using RStudio, a program that makes it easier to work with R. Install ggplot2 The best way to create a scatter plot in RStudio is … Read more
In this tutorial, we will show you one of the easiest methods you can use to import CSV files into R. We will be working with RStudio, a program that makes it easier for users to work with R, and we will be using the the readr package. Quick Steps Type install.packages(“tidyverse”) and click … Read more
In this tutorial, we will show you how to generate random numbers in R. Specifically, we will show you how to generate random numbers from both uniform distributions and normal distributions. Throughout the tutorial we will be using RStudio, a program that makes it easier to work with R. Generating Random Numbers from Uniform Distributions … Read more
In this tutorial, we show you how to manually enter data in R by working through a few simple examples. We will use RStudio, a program that makes it easier for users to work with R. We start by showing you how to create vectors (or variables) in RStudio. Then we show you how to … Read more
In this tutorial, we will show you one of the easiest ways to import Excel (.xlsx and .xls) files into R using the readxl package. We will be working with RStudio, a program that makes it easier to work with R. Quick Steps Type install.packages(“tidyverse”) and click enter on your keyboard to install the … Read more
In this tutorial, we show you a quick and simple way to import SPSS (.sav) data files into R using the haven package. We will be working with RStudio, a program that makes it easier to work with R. Quick Steps Type install.packages(“tidyverse”) and select enter on your keyboard to install tidyverse packages From … Read more
In this tutorial we will show you how to report a point-biserial correlation from SPSS in APA style. First, we will provide two templates that you can use to report your point-biserial correlation in APA style. Then we will show you how to populate these templates using your SPSS output. Finally, we will show you … Read more
The point-biserial correlation is a special case of a Pearson correlation. It measures the strength and direction of the relationship between a dichotomous variable (e.g., pass or fail) and a continuous variable (e.g., exam scores). A dichotomous variable is a variable that has two values only, for example, male or female, pass or fail. In … Read more
In this tutorial we will show you how to report your Wilcoxon signed-rank test from SPSS in APA style. First, we give you a template that you can use to report your results. Then, we explain how to populate this template using the SPSS output from your own test. Finally, we give you an example … Read more
In this tutorial we will show you how to report a Kruskal-Wallis test from SPSS in APA style. First we give you a template that you can use to report the results of a Kruskal-Wallis test. Next we show you how to populate this template using the SPSS output from your own test. Finally we … Read more
In this tutorial, we will show you how to conduct and interpret a Kruskal-Wallis test with post-hoc analysis in SPSS. Researchers use the Kruskal-Wallis test to evaluate whether there are differences between three or more groups on a dependent variable measured at the continuous or ordinal level. For example, we could use it to evaluate … Read more
In this tutorial we will show you how to report your chi-square goodness of fit test from SPSS in APA style. First, we give you a template that you can use to report your results. Then, we show you how to populate this template using the SPSS output from your own test. Finally, we give … Read more
In this tutorial we will show you how to perform and interpret the chi-square goodness of fit test in SPSS. Quick Steps Click Analyze -> Nonparametric Tests -> Legacy Dialogs -> Chi-square Move your categorical variable to the Test Variable List box. Under Expected Values: Ensure that the All categories equal option is checked OR Check the Values option and enter your … Read more
In this tutorial, we will show you how to clean your data in SPSS. What is Data Cleaning? Data cleaning is the process of reviewing a data set for potential problems and resolving those problems prior to data analysis. Data problems include incomplete, incorrect, or incorrectly formatted data. Why is Data Cleaning Important? The results … Read more
In this quick tutorial, we will show you how to conduct and interpret a Wilcoxon signed-rank test in SPSS. Quick Steps Click Analyze -> Nonparametric tests -> Legacy Dialogs -> 2 Related samples… Click Reset (recommended). Move your first variable to the Variable1 cell of the Test Pairs box Move your second variable to the Variable2 … Read more
In this tutorial, we show you the easiest way to create a simple line graph in SPSS. Quick Steps Click Graphs -> Line (in newer versions of SPSS) OR Click Graphs -> Legacy Dialogs -> Line (in older versions of SPSS) Ensure that Simple is selected. Under Data in Chart Are, select Values of individual cases Click Define … Read more
In this tutorial we will show you how to report a Spearman’s rank order correlation from SPSS in APA style. We have included two templates for reporting your Spearman’s correlation here. We will demonstrate how to populate these templates using the SPSS output from your own study. In addition, at the end of the tutorial, … Read more
In this tutorial, we will show you how to report the results of your simple linear regression analysis from SPSS in APA style. First, we will provide a template that you can use to report your results. Next, we will show you how to populate this template using the SPSS output from your own analysis. … Read more
So, you want to use SPSS, IBM’s statistical software package, and you’re wondering whether you can download it for free? IBM offers a free 30-day trial of SPSS but, beyond that, you will normally have to pay for your license. Some academic institutions offer students, faculty and researchers free access to SPSS either via a … Read more